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PDF APN1005 Data sheet ( Hoja de datos )
| Número de pieza | APN1005 | |
| Descripción | A Balanced Wideband VCO | |
| Fabricantes | Skyworks | |
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APPLICATION NOTE
APN1005: A Balanced Wideband VCO
for Set-Top TV Tuner Applications
Introduction
Modern set-top TV DBS tuner systems require more channel
coverage, while maintaining competitive prices. This situation
creates tough design goals: to improve performance and simplify
design.
Balanced VCO configuration could be a competitive circuit
solution, since it provides the widest tuning range with practical
circuitry and layout. However, tuning margins would be further
improved by optimizing the varactor manufacturing process.
Skyworks has developed such a process to satisfy the most
ambitious wideband design goals.
In this publication, we will address the design of the balanced-
type voltage control oscillator (VCO) based on the newly
developed varactor SMV1265-011 with the unique set of
capacitance tuning ratios and Q-quality.
VCO Model
Figure 1 shows the VCO model built for open loop analysis in Libra
Series IV including the SMV1265-011 varactor model.
The circuit schematic in Figure 2 shows a pair of transistors in a
single feedback loop, connected so that collector currents would
be 180° shifted (ideally). A pair of back-to-back connected
SMV1265-011 varactors is used, rather than a single one. This
allows lower capacitance at the high-voltage range, without
changing the tuning ratio. The reason is that, apart from package
capacitance, certain mounting fringing capacitances, though
small, may strongly affect higher frequency margins. The effects
of parasitic capacitances were summarized in the model as C4
and C3, valued 0.4 pF each. These values may vary depending on
the layout of the board. Varactor DC biasing is provided through
resistors R6 and R8, both 1 k, which may affect the phase noise,
but eliminate the need for inductive chokes. This minimizes
overall costs and the possibility of parasitic resonances — the
usual cause for frequency instability and spurs.
The phase corrector DC chokes, SRL1 and SRL2, were modeled
as lossless inductors at 33 nH since their losses are dominated
by the 30 Ω emitter biasing resistors. DC blocking series capaci-
tances (CSER1 and CSER2) are modeled as an SRC network,
including associated parasitics. Their values were optimized to
10 pF providing smooth tuning over the design band.
Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com
200314 Rev. A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • July 21, 2005
1
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1 page  
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APPLICATION NOTE • APN1005
Parameter
IS
RS
N
TT
CJO
VJ
M
EG
XTI
KF
AF
FC
BV
IBV
ISR
NR
IKF
NBV
IBVL
NBVL
TNOM
FFE
Description
Saturation current (with N, determine the DC characteristics of the diode)
Series resistance
Emission coefficient (with IS, determines the DC characteristics of the diode)
Transit time
Zero-bias junction capacitance (with VJ and M, defines nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)
Junction potential (with VJ and M, defines nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)
Grading coefficient (with VJ and M, defines nonlinear junction capacitance of the diode)
Energy gap (with XTI, helps define the dependence of IS on temperature)
Saturation current temperature exponent (with EG, helps define the dependence of IS on temperature)
Flicker noise coefficient
Flicker noise exponent
Forward-bias depletion capacitance coefficient
Reverse breakdown voltage
Current at reverse breakdown voltage
Recombination current parameter
Emission coefficient for ISR
High injection knee current
Reverse breakdown ideality factor
Low-level reverse breakdown knee current
Low-level reverse breakdown ideality factor
Nominal ambient temperature at which these model parameters were derived
Flicker noise frequency exponent
Table 1. Silicon Varactor Diode Default Values
Unit Default
A 1e-14
Ω0
-1
S0
F0
V1
- 0.5
EV 1.11
-3
-0
-1
- 0.5
V Infinity
A 1e-3
A0
-2
A Infinity
-1
A0
-1
°C 27
1
Table 1 describes the model parameters. It shows default values
appropriate for silicon varactor diodes which may be used by the
Libra IV simulator.
According to the SPICE model in Figure 4, the varactor capaci-
tance (CV) is a function of the applied reverse DC voltage (VR) and
may be expressed as follows:
CV = CJO + CP
( 1 + VR
M
)
VJ
This equation is a mathematical expression of the capacitance
characteristic. The model is accurate for abrupt junction varactors
(SMV1400 series); however, the model is less accurate for hyper-
abrupt junction varactors because the coefficients are dependent
on the applied voltage. To make the equation fit the hyperabrupt
performances for the SMV1265-011, a piece-wise approach was
employed. Here the coefficients (VJ, M, CJO, and CP) are made
piece-wise functions of the varactor DC voltage applied. Thus, the
whole range of the usable varactor voltages is segmented into a
number of subranges each with a unique set of the VJ, M, CJO,
and CP parameters as given in the Table 2.
Voltage Range
(V)
0–2.5
2.5–6.5
6.5–11
11–up
CJO VJ CP
(pF) M (V) (pF)
22.5 2.0 4.00 0.00
21.0
25.0 68.00
0.00
20.0 7.3 14.00 0.90
20.0 1.8 1.85 0.56
Table 2. Varactor Voltages
These subranges are made to overlap each other. Thus, if a rea-
sonable RF swing (one that is appropriate in a practical VCO
case) exceeds limits of the subrange, the CV function described
by the current subrange will still fit in the original curve.
Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com
200314 Rev. A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • July 21, 2005
5
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APPLICATION NOTE • APN1005
Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, Skyworks Solutions, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Information in this document is provided in connection with Skyworks Solutions, Inc. (“Skyworks”) products or services. These materials, including the information contained herein, are provided
by Skyworks as a service to its customers and may be used for informational purposes only by the customer. Skyworks assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in these materials or the
information contained herein. Skyworks may change its documentation, products, services, specifications or product descriptions at any time, without notice. Skyworks makes no commitment to
update the materials or information and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts, incompatibilities, or other difficulties arising from any future changes.
No license, whether express, implied, by estoppel or otherwise, is granted to any intellectual property rights by this document. Skyworks assumes no liability for any materials, products or
information provided hereunder, including the sale, distribution, reproduction or use of Skyworks products, information or materials, except as may be provided in Skyworks Terms and
Conditions of Sale.
THE MATERIALS, PRODUCTS AND INFORMATION ARE PROVIDED “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE, INCLUDING FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, MERCHANTABILITY, PERFORMANCE, QUALITY OR NON-INFRINGEMENT OF ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT; ALL SUCH WARRANTIES ARE HEREBY EXPRESSLY
DISCLAIMED. SKYWORKS DOES NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE INFORMATION, TEXT, GRAPHICS OR OTHER ITEMS CONTAINED WITHIN THESE MATERIALS. SKYWORKS
SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, STATUTORY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION,
LOST REVENUES OR LOST PROFITS THAT MAY RESULT FROM THE USE OF THE MATERIALS OR INFORMATION, WHETHER OR NOT THE RECIPIENT OF MATERIALS HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
Skyworks products are not intended for use in medical, lifesaving or life-sustaining applications, or other equipment in which the failure of the Skyworks products could lead to personal injury,
death, physical or environmental damage. Skyworks customers using or selling Skyworks products for use in such applications do so at their own risk and agree to fully indemnify Skyworks for any
damages resulting from such improper use or sale.
Customers are responsible for their products and applications using Skyworks products, which may deviate from published specifications as a result of design defects, errors, or operation of
products outside of published parameters or design specifications. Customers should include design and operating safeguards to minimize these and other risks. Skyworks assumes no liability for
applications assistance, customer product design, or damage to any equipment resulting from the use of Skyworks products outside of stated published specifications or parameters.
Skyworks, the Skyworks symbol, and “Breakthrough Simplicity” are trademarks or registered trademarks of Skyworks Solutions, Inc., in the United States and other countries. Third-party brands and
names are for identification purposes only, and are the property of their respective owners. Additional information, including relevant terms and conditions, posted at www.skyworksinc.com, are
incorporated by reference.
Skyworks Solutions, Inc. • Phone [781] 376-3000 • Fax [781] 376-3100 • [email protected] • www.skyworksinc.com
200314 Rev. A • Skyworks Proprietary Information • Products and Product Information are Subject to Change Without Notice. • July 21, 2005
11
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